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Savoy opera was a style of comic opera that developed in Victorian England in the late 19th century, with W. S. Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan as the original and most successful practitioners. The name is derived from the Savoy Theatre, which impresario Richard D'Oyly Carte built to house the Gilbert and Sullivan pieces, and later, those by other composer–librettist teams. The great bulk of the non-G&S Savoy Operas either failed to achieve a foothold in the standard repertory, or have faded over the years, leaving the term "Savoy Opera" as practically synonymous with Gilbert and Sullivan. The Savoy operas (in both senses) were seminal influences on the creation of the modern musical. Gilbert, Sullivan, Carte and other Victorian era British composers, librettists and producers,〔See German Reeds, Frederic Clay, Edward Solomon and F. C. Burnand〕 as well as the contemporary British press and literature, called works of this kind "comic operas" to distinguish their content and style from that of the often risqué continental European operettas that they wished to displace. Most of the published literature on Gilbert and Sullivan since that time refers to these works as "Savoy Operas", "comic operas", or both.〔See, e. g., Crowther, Stedman, Bailey, Bradley, Ainger and Jacobs. Gilbert & Sullivan described 12 of their 14 collaborations as "operas": *''The Sorcerer'': a "Modern Comic Opera" *''H.M.S. Pinafore'': a "Nautical Comic Opera" *''The Pirates of Penzance'': a "Melo-Dramatic Opera" *''Patience'': an "Aesthetic Opera" *''Iolanthe'': a "Fairy Opera" *''Princess Ida'': "A respectful Operatic Perversion of Tennyson's ''Princess''" *''The Mikado'': a "Japanese Opera" *''Ruddygore'': a "Supernatural Opera" *''The Yeomen of the Guard'': an "Opera" *''The Gondoliers'': a "Comic Opera" *''Utopia, Limited'', a "Comic Opera" *''The Grand Duke'': a "Comic Opera"〕 However, the ''Penguin Opera Guides'' and many other general music dictionaries and encyclopedias classify the Gilbert and Sullivan works as operettas.〔''The New Penguin Opera Guide'', ed. Amanda Holden, Penguin Books, London 2001 and ''The Penguin Concise Guide to Opera'', ed. Amanda Holden, Penguin Books, London 2005 both state: "Operetta is the internationally recognized term for the type of work on which William Schwenck Gilbert and Sullivan collaborated under Richard D'Oyly Carte's management (1875-96), but they themselves used the words 'comic opera'". See also the ''Oxford Dictionary of Opera'', ed. John Warrack and Ewan West, Oxford University Press 1992 and ''The New Grove Dictionary of Opera'', 4 vols, ed. Stanley Sadie, Macmillan, New York 1992〕 ''Patience'' (1881) was the first opera to appear at the Savoy Theatre, and thus, in a strict sense, the first true "Savoy Opera", although the term "Savoy Opera" has, for over a century, included the complete set of thirteen operas that Gilbert and Sullivan wrote for Richard D'Oyly Carte: :''Trial by Jury'' (1875) :''The Sorcerer'' (1877) :''H.M.S. Pinafore'', or ''The Lass that Loved a Sailor'' (1878) :''The Pirates of Penzance'', or ''The Slave of Duty'' (1880) :''Patience'', or ''Bunthorne's Bride'' (1881) :''Iolanthe'', or ''The Peer and the Peri'' (1882) :''Princess Ida'', or ''Castle Adamant'' (1884) :''The Mikado'', or ''The Town of Titipu'' (1885) :''Ruddigore'', or ''The Witch's Curse'' (1887) :''The Yeomen of the Guard'', or ''The Merryman and his Maid'' (1888) :''The Gondoliers'', or ''The King of Barataria'' (1889) :''Utopia, Limited'', or ''The Flowers of Progress'' (1893) :''The Grand Duke'', or ''The Statutory Duel'' (1896) ==Other definitions== During the years when the Gilbert and Sullivan (“G&S”) operas were being written, Richard D'Oyly Carte produced operas by other composer–librettist teams, either as curtain raisers to the G&S pieces, or to fill the theatre when no G&S piece was available. To their contemporaries, the term "Savoy Opera" referred to any opera that appeared at that theatre, regardless of who wrote it. Aside from curtain raisers (which are listed in the second table below), the G&S operas were the only works produced at the Savoy Theatre from the date it opened (10 October 1881) until ''The Gondoliers'' closed on 20 June 1891. Over the next decade, there were only two new G&S pieces (''Utopia Limited'' and ''The Grand Duke''), both of which had comparatively brief runs. To fill the gap, Carte mounted G&S revivals, Sullivan operas with different librettists, and works by other composer–librettist teams. Richard D'Oyly Carte died on 3 April 1901. If the nexus of Carte and the Savoy Theatre is used to define "Savoy Opera," then the last new Savoy Opera was ''The Rose of Persia'' (music by Sullivan, libretto by Basil Hood), which ran from 28 November 1899 – 28 June 1900. After Carte's death, his wife Helen Carte assumed management of the theatre. She continued to produce new pieces in the G&S style, along with G&S revivals. Counting the pieces that Mrs. D'Oyly Carte and the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company produced, the last Savoy Opera was ''A Princess of Kensington'' (music by Edward German, libretto by Basil Hood), which ran for four months in early 1903. This is the point that Cyril Rollins and R. John Witts adopt as the end of the Savoy Operas. After ''A Princess of Kensington'', Mrs. D'Oyly Carte relinquished control of the theatre until 8 December 1906, when she produced two seasons of G&S revivals in repertory, with Gilbert returning to direct. In March 1909, Charles H. Workman assumed control of the theatre, producing three new pieces, including one by Gilbert himself, ''Fallen Fairies'' (music by Edward German). The last of these Workman-produced works came in early 1910, ''Two Merry Monarchs'', by Arthur Anderson, George Levy, and Hartley Carrick, with music by Orlando Morgan. The contemporary press referred to these works as "Savoy Operas",〔See e.g., ''The Manchester Guardian'', 17 September 1910, p. 1, advertising ''The Mountaineers''.〕 and S. J. Adair Fitz-Gerald regarded Workman's pieces as the last Savoy Operas.〔See also Farrell, ''passim''〕 Fitz-Gerald wrote his book, ''The Story of the Savoy Opera'', in 1924, when these other pieces were still within living memory. But over time, all of the works produced at the Savoy by composers and librettists other than Gilbert and Sullivan were largely forgotten. The term "Savoy Opera" came to be synonymous with the thirteen extant works of Gilbert and Sullivan. The first collaboration of Gilbert and Sullivan—the 1871 opera ''Thespis''—was not a Savoy Opera under any of the definitions mentioned to this point, as Richard D'Oyly Carte did not produce it, nor was it ever performed at the Savoy Theatre. Given its lack of a D'Oyly Carte or Savoy connection, ''Thespis'' has a tenuous claim to be a "Savoy Opera." However, Rollins & Witts include it in their compendium of the Savoy Operas, as does Geoffrey Smith. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Savoy opera」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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